Daily Mirror
The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper which was founded in 1903. Twice in its history, from 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was changed to read simply The Mirror, which is how the paper is often referred to in popular parlance. It had an average daily circulation of 1,185,729 in July 2011.[1] Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror.
History
1903 to 1995
The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe) as a newspaper for women, run by women. Hence the name: he said, "I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides....to be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull".[2] It cost one penny.
It was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the paper's women journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904 (issues 72 to 150), when it reverted to The Daily Mirror.[3] The first issue of the relaunched paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously, but instead news text and engraved pictures (of a traitor and an actress), with the promise of photographs inside.[4] Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added: "A paper for men and women".[5] This combination was more successful: by issue 92, the guaranteed circulation was 120,000 copies[6] and by issue 269, it had grown to 200,000:[7] by then the name had reverted and the front page was mainly photographs. Circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second largest morning newspaper.[8]
Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny.[9] Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than 1 million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper.[10]
By the mid 1930s, the Mirror was struggling – it and the Mail were the main casualties of the early 1930s circulation war that saw the Daily Herald and the Daily Express establish circulations of more than two million, and Rothermere decided to sell his shares in it.
With Cecil King (Rothermere's nephew) in charge of the paper's finances and Guy Bartholomew as editor, during the late-1930s the Mirror was transformed from a conservative, middle class newspaper into a left-wing paper for the working class. The Mirror was the first UK paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day. In 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in the Daily Mirror. After taking over as cartoon chief at the Mirror in 1945, he dropped Beelzebub Jones and moved on to a variety of new strips.
During World War II, the Mirror positioned itself as the paper of the ordinary soldier and civilian, and was critical of the political leadership and the established parties. At one stage, the paper was threatened with closure following the publication of a Philip Zec cartoon (captioned by William Connor), which was misinterpreted by Winston Churchill and Herbert Morrison.[11] In the 1945 general election the paper strongly supported the Labour Party in its eventual landslide victory. In doing so, the paper supported Herbert Morrison, who co-ordinated Labour's campaign, and recruited his former antagonist Philip Zec to reproduce, on the front page, a popular VE Day cartoon on the morning of the election, suggesting that Labour were the only party who could maintain peace in post-war Britain.[12] By the late 1940s, it was selling 4.5 million copies a day, outstripping the Express; for some 30 years afterwards, it dominated the British daily newspaper market, selling over 5 million copies a day at its peak in the mid-1960s.
In 1955, the Mirror and its stablemate the Sunday Pictorial (later to become the Sunday Mirror) began printing a Northern edition in Manchester. In 1957, it introduced the Andy Capp cartoon, created by Reg Smythe from Hartlepool, in the northern editions.
The Mirror's mass working class readership had made it the United Kingdom's best-selling daily tabloid newspaper. In 1960, it acquired the Daily Herald (the popular daily of the labour movement) when it bought Odhams, in one of a series of takeovers which created the International Publishing Corporation (IPC). The Mirror management did not want the Herald competing with the Mirror for readers, and in 1964, relaunched it as a mid-market paper, now named The Sun. When it failed to win readers, the Sun was sold to Rupert Murdoch – who immediately relaunched it as a more populist and sensationalist tabloid and a direct competitor to the Mirror.
In an attempt to cater to a different kind of reader, the Mirror launched the "Mirrorscope" pull-out section on 30 January 1968. The Press Gazette commented: "The Daily Mirror launched its revolutionary four-page supplement "Mirrorscope". The ambitious brief for the supplement, which ran on Wednesdays and Thursdays, was to deal with international affairs, politics, industry, science, the arts and business".[13] The British Journalism Review said in 2002 that "Mirrorscope" was "a game attempt to provide serious analysis in the rough and tumble of the tabloids".[14] It failed to attract significant numbers of new readers, and the pull-out section was abandoned, its final issue appearing on 27 August 1974.
In 1978, The Sun overtook the Mirror in circulation, and in 1984 the Mirror was sold to Robert Maxwell. After Maxwell's death in 1991, David Montgomery became Mirror Group's CEO, and a period of cost-cutting and production changes ensued. The Mirror went through a protracted period of crisis before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity to form Trinity Mirror in 1999. Printing of The Daily and Sunday Mirror moved to Trinity Mirror's facilities in Watford and Oldham.
1995 to 2004: Editorship of Piers Morgan
Under the editorship of Piers Morgan (from October 1995 to May 2004) the paper saw a number of controversies. Morgan was widely criticised and forced to apologise for the headline "ACHTUNG! SURRENDER For you Fritz, ze Euro 96 Championship is over" a day before England met Germany in a semi-final of the Euro '96 football championships.[15]
In 2000, Morgan was the subject of an investigation after Suzy Jagger wrote a story in The Daily Telegraph revealing that he had bought £20,000 worth of shares in the computer company Viglen soon before the Mirror 's 'City Slickers' column tipped Viglen as a good buy.[16] Morgan was found by the Press Complaints Commission to have breached the Code of Conduct on financial journalism, but kept his job. The 'City Slickers' columnists, Anil Bhoyrul and James Hipwell, were both found to have committed further breaches of the Code, and were sacked before the inquiry. In 2004, further enquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry cleared Morgan from any charges.[17] On 7 December 2005 Bhoyrul and Hipwell were convicted of conspiracy to breach the Financial Services Act. During the trial it emerged that Morgan had bought £67,000 worth of Viglen shares, emptying his bank account and investing under his wife's name too.[18]
In 2002, the Mirror attempted to move mid-market, claiming to eschew the more trivial stories of show-business and gossip. The paper changed its masthead logo from red to black (and occasionally blue), in an attempt to dissociate itself from the term "red top", a term for a sensationalist mass-market tabloid. (On 6 April 2005, the red top came back.) Under then-editor Piers Morgan, the newspaper's editorial stance opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and ran many front pages critical of the war. It also gave financial support to the 15 February 2003 anti-war protest, paying for a large screen and providing thousands of placards. Morgan rehired John Pilger, who had been sacked during Robert Maxwell's ownership of the Mirror titles. Despite such changes, Morgan was unable to halt the paper's decline in circulation, a decline shared by its direct tabloid rivals The Sun and the Daily Star.
Morgan was fired from the Mirror on 14 May 2004 after authorising the newspaper's publication of photographs allegedly showing Iraqi prisoners being abused by British Army soldiers from the Queen's Lancashire Regiment.[19] Within days the photographs were shown to be crude fakes. Under the headline "SORRY.. WE WERE HOAXED", the Mirror responded that it had fallen victim to a "calculated and malicious hoax" and apologised for the publication of the photographs.[20]
2004 to present
The Mirror's front page on 4 November 2004, after the re-election of George W. Bush as U.S. President, read "How can 59,054,087 people be so DUMB?". It provided a list of states and their average IQ, showing the Bush states all below average intelligence (except for Virginia), and all Kerry states at or above average intelligence. The source for this table was The Economist,[21] though it was a hoax.[22] Richard Wallace became editor in 2004.
Famous features
- Cartoon strips "Jane" (1932–1959), "Garth" (1943–1997, reprints 2011), "Just Jake" (1938–1952), "A Man Called Horace" (1989–), "Andy Capp" (1957–), and "The Perishers" (1955–2006 and later reprints).
- "The Old Codgers", a fictional pair who commented on the letters page from 1935 to 1990.[23]
- Chalky White, who would wander around various British seaside resorts waiting to be recognised by Mirror readers (an obscured photo of him having been published in that day's paper). Anyone who recognised him would have to repeat some phrase along the lines of "To my delight, it's Chalky White" to win £5. The name continues to be used on the cartoons page, as Andy Capp's best friend.
- "Shock issues" intended to highlight a particular news story.
- The columnist Cassandra (1935–1967).
- "Dear Marje", a problem page by agony aunt Marjorie Proops.
- Investigative reporting by Paul Foot and John Pilger (notably the latter's exposé of the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia).
- "The Shopping Basket". Starting in the mid 1970s, the paper monitored the cost of a £5 basket of shopping to see how it increased in price over the years.
Political allegiance
- On 3 May 1979, the day of the general election, the Daily Mirror urged its readers to vote for the governing Labour Party led by James Callaghan.[24] As widely predicted by the opinion polls, Labour lost this election, which was won by the Conservative Party and saw Margaret Thatcher become Prime Minister.[24]The Mirror's continued support of the Labour government was in spite of its falling popularity over the previous few months which had been the result of the Winter of Discontent, where the country was crippled by numerous public sector strikes.[25]
- By the time of the 1983 general election, Labour support was at a postwar low, partly due to the strong challenge by the recently formed SDP-Liberal Alliance. Despite this, the Daily Mirror remained loyal to Labour and urged its readers to vote for the party (now led by Michael Foot), condemning the Thatcher-led Tory government for its "waste of our nation",[24]condemning the rise in unemployment that Thatcher's Conservative government had seen in its first term in power largely due to monetarist economic policies to reduce inflation, though the government's previously low popularity had dramatically improved since the success of the Falklands conflict a year earlier.[26]However, the Tories were re-elected and Labour suffered its worst postwar general election result, only narrowly bettering the SDP-Liberal Alliance in terms of seats if not votes.[24]
- At the 1987 general election, the Daily Mirror remained loyal to Labour (now led by Neil Kinnock) and urged its readers "You know he's right, chuck her out".[24]By this stage, unemployment was falling and inflation had remained low for several years.[27]However, the Tories were re-elected for a third successive term, although Labour did manage to cut the Tory majority significantly.[24]
- For the 1992 general election, the Daily Mirror continued to support Labour, still led by Neil Kinnock. By this stage Margaret Thatcher had stepped down and the Tory government was now led by John Major.[24] However, the election was won by the Tories with a record of more than 14,000,000 votes, although Labour had managed to cut the Tory majority to 21 seats compared to the triple-digit figure of the previous two elections. The outcome of this election had been far less predictable than any of the previous three elections, as opinion polls over the previous three years had shown both parties in the lead, although any Labour lead in the polls had been relatively narrow since the Conservative government's change of leader from Thatcher to Major in November 1990, in spite of the onset of a recession in 1990 which had pushed unemployment up again after several years of decline. Labour's credibility was helped by plans including extra NHS funding and moving away from firm committments on re-nationalisation to reverse the Conservative policy of privatisation, but its decision to be up-front about tax increases was seen as a key factor in its failure to win.[28]
- By the time of the 1997 general election, support for the Labour Party, now led by Tony Blair, in the opinion polls had exceeded that of support for the Tory government (still led by John Major) since late 1992, the government's reduced popularity largely blamed on the failings of Black Wednesday in September of that year and it had failed to recover popularity in spite of a strong economic recovery and fall in unemployment. A reinvented "New Labour" had further improved its credibility under Blair by promising traditional Labour essentials including more funding for healthcare and education, but also promising not to increase income tax and ending its commitment to the nationalisation of leading industries.[29]The Daily Mirror urged its readers that their country needed Tony Blair, and to vote Labour.[24] The election produced a Labour landslide and ended the party's 18 year exile from power.
- On 4 May 2010, the newspaper printed a picture of Conservative Leader David Cameron with a giant red cross through his face. The headline read "How to stop him" in reference to the general election two days later, thus confirming the Daily Mirror's Labour allegiance. The election ended in Britain's first hung parliament since 1974, but Cameron still became prime minister of the country within days as the Conservatives formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats. The Daily Mirror was the only leading national newspaper to remain loyal to Labour and Gordon Brown at a time when opinion polls showed them on course for their worst election result since 1983.[30]
- The newspaper has been critical of the Liberal Democrats for forming the coalition which enabled the Conservatives to form a new government in 2010. It has branded leader Nick Clegg as Pinickio (in comparison with the cartoon character Pinnochio)[31]for going back on numerous pre-election pledges. It has frequently referred to the party as the "Fib Dems"[32]or "Lib Dumbs".[33]
Notable issues
- On 2 April 1996, the Daily Mirror was printed entirely on blue paper. This was done as a marketing exercise with Pepsi-Cola, who on the same day had decided to relaunch their cans with a blue design instead of the traditional red and white logo.
- In May 2004, the Daily Mirror published what it claimed were photos of British soldiers abusing Iraqi prisoners at an unspecified location in Iraq. The decision to publish the photos, subsequently shown to be hoaxes, led to Morgan's sacking as editor on 14 May 2004. The Daily Mirror then stated that it was the subject of a "calculated and malicious hoax".[34] The newspaper issued a statement apologising for the printing of the pictures. The paper's deputy editor, Des Kelly, took over as acting editor during the crisis. The tabloid's rival, The Sun, offered a £50,000 reward for the arrest and conviction of those accused of faking the Mirror photographs.
- In February 2008 both the Daily and the Sunday Mirror implied that TV presenter Kate Garraway was having an affair. She sued for libel, receiving an apology and compensation payment in April 2008.[35]
- On 18 September 2008, David Anderson, a British sports journalist writing for the Mirror, repeated a claim deriving from vandalism on Wikipedia's entry for Cypriot football team AC Omonia, which asserted that their fans were called "The Zany Ones" and liked to wear hats made from discarded shoes. The claim was part of Anderson's match preview ahead of AC Omonia's game with Manchester City, which appeared in the web and print versions of the Mirror, with the nickname also quoted in subsequent editions on 19 September.[36][37] The episode was featured in Private Eye.
- On 12 May 2011, the High Court of England and Wales granted the Attorney General permission to bring a case for contempt against The Sun and the Daily Mirror for the way they had reported on the arrest of a person of interest in the Murder of Joanna Yeates.[38][39] On 29 July, the Court ruled that both newspapers had been in contempt of court, fining the Daily Mirror £50,000 and The Sun £18,000.[40]
Editors
- 1903 to 1904: Mary Howarth
- 1904 to 1907: Hamilton Fyfe
- 1907 to 1915: Alexander Kenealy
- 1915 to 1916: Ed Flynn
- 1916 to 1931: Alexander Campbell
- 1931 to 1934: Leigh Brownlee
- 1934 to 1948: Cecil Thomas
- 1948 to 1953: Silvester Bolam
- 1953 to 1961: Jack Nener
- 1961 to 1971: Lee Howard
- 1971 to 1974: Tony Miles
- 1974 to 1975: Michael Christiansen
- 1975 to 1985: Mike Molloy
- 1985 to 1990: Richard Stott
- 1990 to 1991: Roy Greenslade
- 1991 to 1992: Richard Stott
- 1992 to 1994: David Banks
- 1994 to 1995: Colin Myler
- 1995 to 2004: Piers Morgan
- 2004 to present: Richard Wallace
Source: Tabloid Nation[12]
Notable columnists
Awards
The Daily Mirror won "Newspaper of the Year" in 2002 at the British Press Awards. It won "Scoop of the Year" in 2003 ("3am", 'Sven and Ulrika'), 2004 (Ryan Parry, 'Intruder at the Palace'), 2006 and 2007 (both Stephen Moyes).[41] The Mirror won "Team of the Year" in 2001 ('Railtrack'), 2002 ('War on the World: 11 September'), 2003 ('Soham'), and 2006 ('London bombings'); and "Front Page of the Year" in 2007.[41] The Mirror also won the "Cudlipp Award" in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2010.[41]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b "ABCs". The Guardian (UK). 12 August 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/table/2011/aug/12/abcs-national-newspapers. Retrieved 24 September 2011. (July 2011)
- ^ Daily Mirror No. 1 (2 November 1903) page 3
- ^ Albion (1973) Vol 5, 2 page 150
- ^ Daily Mirror issue 72, 26 January 1904
- ^ Daily Illustrated Mirror issue 74, 28 January 1904
- ^ Daily Illustrated Mirror issue 92, 18 February 1904
- ^ Daily Mirror issue 269, 13 September 1904
- ^ Daily Mirror issue 1335, 8 February 1908
- ^ Daily Mirror issue 4163, 26 February 1917
- ^ Daily Mirror issue 4856, 19 May 1919
- ^ Connor, Robert (1969). Cassandra: Reflections in a Mirror. London: Cassell. ISBN 9780304933419.
- ^ a b Horrie, Chris (2003). Tabloid Nation: From the Birth of the Mirror to the Death of the Tabloid Newspaper. London: André Deutsch. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-233-00012-1.
- ^ "Back Issues 23.01.03". Press Gazette. 23 March 2009. http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=27950. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ British Journalism Review 13 (4): 6–14. 2002. http://www.bjr.org.uk/data/2002/no4_evans.htm.
- ^ Thomsen, Ian (26 June 1996). "Oh, Sorry: Tabloids Lose the Soccer War". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/26/news/26iht-england.t_0.html. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ^ "Mirror editor saw his shares soar after paper tipped company". Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on 22 November 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021122223139/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/2000/02/02/nmir02.html.
- ^ "Morgan cleared after shares probe". BBC News. 10 June 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3792225.stm.
- ^ Tryhorn, Chris (23 November 2005). "Mirror editor 'bought £67,000 of shares before they were tipped'". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/nov/23/business.pressandpublishing. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Daily Mirror statement in full". CNN. 13 May 2004. Archived from the original on 13 May 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041125053916/www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/13/iraq.abuse.statement/index.html. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Fake abuse photos: Editor quits". CNN London. 15 May 2004. Archived from the original on 15 May 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041012123314/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/14/iraq.abuse.uk/.
- ^ Sutherland, John (11 November 2004). "The Axis of Stupidity". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2004/nov/11/highereducation.uselections2004.
- ^ "Fool Me Twice". Snopes. 12 November 2004. http://www.snopes.com/politics/ballot/stateiq.asp. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ Bamber Gascoigne (1993) Encyclopedia of Britain (Macmillan)
- ^ a b c d e f g h "A century of Daily Mirror front pages". Daily Mirror. UK. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/2010/04/20/general-election-2010-a-century-of-daily-mirror-front-pages-115875-22198683/.
- ^ BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/ge79.shtml.
- ^ "1983: Thatcher triumphs again". BBC News. 5 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393313.stm.
- ^ "1987: Thatcher's third victory". BBC News. 5 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393315.stm.
- ^ "1992: Tories win again against odds". BBC News. 5 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393317.stm.
- ^ "1997: Labour landslide ends Tory rule". BBC News. 15 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393323.stm.
- ^ "Which political parties do the newspapers support?". Supanet. http://www.supanet.com/business--money/which-political-parties-do-the-newspapers-support--25923p1.html.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ "Fake abuse photos: Editor quits". CNN. 15 May 2004. Archived from the original on 12 October 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041012123314/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/14/iraq.abuse.uk/. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ "GMTV Kate wins 'affair' libel award". Sunday Express (London). 10 April 2008. http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/40871. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ Gripper, Ann (18 September 2008). "New-look Manchester City side begin their UEFA Cup campaign in earnest". Daily Mirror (London). http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/09/18/new-look-manchester-city-side-begin-their-uefa-cup-campaign-in-earnest-115875-20741334/. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ Yates, David (19 August 2008). "Omonia Nicosia 1–2 Manchester City: Goals start to flow for Jo". Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/match-reports/2008/09/19/omonia-nicosia-1-2-manchester-city-goals-start-to-flow-for-jo-115875-20743824/. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ "Sun and Mirror in contempt case over Jo Yeates stories". BBC News (BBC). 12 May 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13371918. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ "Sun and Mirror accused of Jo Yeates contempt". BBC News (BBC). 5 July 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14024079. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- ^ Halliday, Josh (29 July 2011). "Sun and Mirror fined for contempt of court in Christopher Jefferies articles". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/jul/29/sun-daily-mirror-guilty-contempt. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ a b c Press Gazette, Roll of Honour, accessed 24 July 2011
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